Vertebrate retinas have several characteristics that make them particularly interesting from a
metabolic perspective. The retinas have a highly laminated structure, high energy demands,
and they share several metabolic features with tumors, such as a strong Warburg effect and
abundant pyruvate kinase M2 isoform expression. The energy demands of retinas are both
qualitatively and quantitatively different in light and darkness and metabolic dysfunction
could cause retinal degeneration. Stable isotope-based metabolic analysis with mass …