A major feature of acute rejection of cardiac allografts is an intense mononuclear cell infiltration accompanied by interferon (IFN)-γ production. In the current study we tested the role of IFN-γ in acute rejection of allografts by comparing the histopathology of rejection in wild-type versus IFN-γ^−/− recipients of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched cardiac grafts. Wild-type recipients rejected the allografts at days 8 to 9 after transplant but rejection was accelerated 2 to 3 days in IFN-γ-deficient recipients. During rejection in wild-type recipients, the allografts were heavily infiltrated with CD8⁺ T cells and other mononuclear cells. In contrast, allografts in IFN-γ-deficient recipients had few T cells but an intense neutrophil infiltration accompanied by extensive graft parenchymal necrosis. No difference in expression levels of neutrophil chemoattractants including Groα/KC, MIP-2, GCP-2, and MIP-1α, was observed in allografts retrieved from wild-type and IFN-γ^−/− recipients. Depletion of neutrophils from IFN-γ-deficient recipients delayed rejection until days 8 to 10 after transplant and restored the histopathology of acute allograft rejection to that observed in allografts rejected by wild-type recipients. These results indicate the potent regulatory properties of IFN-γ during acute rejection directed at neutrophil infiltration into allografts and mediating graft tissue necrosis.